RESEARCH · METHODS · EVIDENCE
Read chi-square output
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- Statistics for research
- Center and spread
- Distributions and standard errors
- Statistical inference
- P-values and interpretation
- Critical values and test direction
- Compare means with t-tests
- Read t-test output
- Compare several means with ANOVA
- Read an ANOVA table
- Analyze categorical counts
- Read chi-square output
- Describe an association
- Read correlation results
- Interpret a regression model
- Choose a statistical method
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For a basic r × c independence table, expected count equals row total × column total / grand total, and degrees of freedom are (r − 1)(c − 1). The statistic sums (observed − expected)² / expected across cells.
Check the table, expected counts, sample size, method, and assumptions before interpreting the p-value. Explain the association with meaningful proportions and an appropriate effect estimate, rather than only a significance label.
References: NIST categorical models